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OrganizingandVisualizingVariablesChapter2
ObjectivesInthischapteryoulearn:Methodstoorganizevariables.Methodstovisualizevariables.Methodstoorganizeorvisualizemorethanonevariableatthesametime.Principlesofpropervisualizations.
CategoricalDataAreOrganizedByUtilizingTablesDCOVACategoricalDataTallyingDataSummaryTableOneCategoricalVariableTwoCategoricalVariablesContingencyTable
OrganizingCategoricalData:SummaryTableAsummarytabletalliesthefrequenciesorpercentagesofitemsinasetofcategoriessothatyoucanseedifferencesbetweencategories.ReasonForShoppingOnline?PercentBetterPrices37%Avoidingholidaycrowdsorhassles29%Convenience18%Betterselection13%Shipsdirectly3%DCOVAMainReasonYoungAdultsShopOnlineSource:Dataextractedandadaptedfrom“MainReasonYoungAdultsShopOnline?”USAToday,December5,2012,p.1A.
AContingencyTableHelpsOrganizeTwoorMoreCategoricalVariablesUsedtostudypatternsthatmayexistbetweentheresponsesoftwoormorecategoricalvariablesCrosstabulatesortalliesjointlytheresponsesofthecategoricalvariablesFortwovariablesthetalliesforonevariablearelocatedintherowsandthetalliesforthesecondvariablearelocatedinthecolumnsDCOVA
ContingencyTable-ExampleArandomsampleof400invoicesisdrawn.Eachinvoiceiscategorizedasasmall,medium,orlargeamount.Eachinvoiceisalsoexaminedtoidentifyifthereareanyerrors.Thisdataarethenorganizedinthecontingencytabletotheright.DCOVANoErrorsErrorsTotalSmallAmounediumAmounargeAmount65570TotaontingencyTableShowingFrequencyofInvoicesCategorizedBySizeandThePresenceOfErrors
ContingencyTableBasedOnPercentageOfOverallTotalNoErrorsErrorsTotalSmallAmounediumAmounargeAmount65570TotaCOVANoErrorsErrorsTotalSmallAmount42.50%5.00%47.50%MediumAmount25.00%10.00%35.00%LargeAmount16.25%1.25%17.50%Total83.75%16.25%100
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