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SECTION8LeukocyteDifferentiationAntigenandAdhesionMolecules
Immuneresponsesaremediatedbyavarietyofcellsandbythesolublemoleculestheysecrete.Centraltoallimmuneresponsesareimmunecellsbetweenwhichinteractionsareinvolved.Thebasisofinteractionofimmunecellsistheirsurfacemolecules,includinganumberofcellsurfaceantigens,receptorsandothermolecules.Somesurfacemoleculesaregenerallycalledcellsurfacemarkers.
CHAPTER1
LEUKOCYTEDIFFERENTIATIONANTIGENS
（一）conceptofLeukocyteDifferentiationAntigenLeukocytedifferentiationantigensarecellsurfacemoleculeswhichmayappearonordisappearfromcellmembranewhenstemcelldifferentiateintodifferentlineagecellsorwhenbloodcellsareinmaturationalstagesandactivationstatus.Inadditiontoobviousexpressionsonleukocytes,LDAsarefoundonerythrocytesandmegakaryocyte/platelets.Theyarealsodetectedonnon-hematopoieticcells,includingvascularendothelialcells,fibrocytes,epithelialcellsandneuro-endocrinecells.
Leukocytedifferentiationantigensaregenerallytransmembraneproteinsorglycoproteinsconsistingofextracellular,transmembranousandintracellularregions,withsomeexceptionalexamplessuchasglycosyl-phosphatidylinositolanchoredmembraneproteinsorcarbohydrategroups.
Dependingontheirextracellularstructure,leukocytedifferentiationantigensaregroupedintodifferentfamiliesorsuperfamilies,mainlyincludingintegrinfamily,selectinfamily,cytokinereceptorfamily,immunoglobulinsuperfamily,tumornecrosisfactorsuperfamilyandtumornecrosisfactorreceptorsuperfamily,etc.
（二）CONCEPTOFCLUSTEROFDIFFERENTIATIONCellsurfacemoleculescanberecognizedbyparticularmonoclonalantibodies.Allofthemonoclonalantibodiesthatreactwithaparticularmembranemoleculearegroupedtogetherasaclusterofdifferentiation(CD).Eachnewmonoclonalantibodyt
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