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专四阅读练习一
TEXTA
AllSirWilliamJoneswantedtodowastolearnSanskrit.Whilehewasstudying,however,
hemadeasurprisingdiscovery.ThisancientlanguageofIndiawasamazinglysimilartoLatinandhemadeasurprisingdiscovery.ThisancientlanguageofIndiawasamazinglysimilartoLatinand
—matar—wasalmostidenticaltotheLatinword,mater.
“Father”waspitarinSanskrit,paterinLatinandGreek.Themorehestudied,themore
similaritieshefound.
Howcouldthisbe?ThousandsofmilesandmanynaturalbarriersseparatedIndiaandEurope.
Still,Jonesconcluded,thesimilaritiesweretoostrongtobeaccidental.In1786,heannounced
“Noonecouldexaminethemallthree,withoutbelievingthemtohavesprungfromsomecommon
source.”
Sincethen,scholarshavetracedmanylanguagestothis“commonsource.”Today,these
languagesarecalledtheIndo-Europeanfamily.Butwheredidthissourceoriginate?Languageand
geographyprovidetheclues.Europeanlanguageshavesimilarwordsfortheanimalsandtreesof
northernEurope,suchasoak,willow,bear,andwolf.Therearenocommonwordsfortheanimals
andtreesofsouthernEurope.
Toscholars,thissuggeststhattheIndo-EuropeanlanguagesbeganinnorthcentralEurope.In
time,somenorthernEuropeanssetouttowardtheeast,settlinginIran,India,andPakistan.Others
migratedwestwardtowardsouthernandwesternEurope.Therootlanguagedevelopedintodozens
ofdifferentlanguages,butthefamilyresemblancesremain.Thewordfor“three”isdreiin
German,tresinSpanish,treinAlbanian,andtriinRussian.
AlmosteverylanguageinEuropeispartoftheIndo-Europeanfamily,butthereare
exceptions.HungarianandFinnishclingtootherlanguagefamilies.
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