Fish and Amphibians鱼类和两栖类动物学 3.doc

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Fish and Amphibians鱼类和两栖类动物学 3.doc

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FishandAmphibians鱼类和两栖类动物学3

Asindicatedbytheirname(amphi,both,andbios,life),theseanimalsleadadoublelife.Whenyoung,theyliveinthewater,andwhentheybecomeadultstheyliveoutsideit.Inanycase,manymustremainnearwaterorinveryhumidplacestokeepfromdryingout.Thisisbecauseamphibiansalsobreathethroughtheirskin,andonlymoistskincanabsorboxygen.Sometypicalcharacteristicsofadultfrogsandtoadsincludeataillessbody,longhindlimbs,andlargeeyesthatoftenbulge.BetweenLandandWaterHINDLIMBSThemuscularlegandfoothavefivelongfingersjoinedbyawebbedmembranethataidsswimming.STOMACHLIVERLUNGVOCALSACSHEARTKIDNEYBLADDERRECTUMAmphibianAnatomyAmphibiananatomyhasseveralpeculiarities.Larvae,suchastadpoles,havearespiratorysystemwithgills.Mostspeciesdeveloplungswhentheyreachadulthood.Theyalsohaveatrachea,pharynx,andsaclikelungs,eventhoughskinbreathingisattimesmoreimportantthanlungbreathing.Thehearthastwoauriclesandoneventricle,andthedigestiveandexcretorysystemsaresimilartothoseofmammals.64AMPHIBIANS1JUMPINGThelegsaremuscularandwelldevelopedforjumping.2SWIMMINGThemembranethatextendstothetipofthefingershelpsinswimming.3DISKSRoundadhesivepadontheirfingertipshelpthemgripandclimb.4SHOVELSThebulgesareusefulfordigging.BloodvesselthatcarriesoxygenatedbloodBloodvesselthatcarriesdeoxygenatedbloodMucousglandVOCALSACSBothtoadsandfrogssing.Eventhoughthesoundisproducedbytheirvocalcords,inmalesthesoundisamplifiedbymeansofinflatablesacsoneachsideofthelarynx.ADAPTATIONSAmphibianfeetvaryaccordingtohabitat.TheSkinAmphibiansbreathethroughtheirskin,whichiscleanandsmooth,withouthairorscales.Theymustalwayskeepitmoist,becauseithasastrongtendencytodryout.Eventhoughtheyhavemucousglandsthathelpmaintainmoisture,amphibiansmustliveindampplaces.Theskinofmost