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ThomasKuhn1922-1994“TheStructureofScientificRevolutions〞1962
PARADIGMAnoverallmodelofaparticularproblemonwhichanumberoftheoriesarebased.
MaxPlanck“Anewscientifictruthdoesnottriumphbyconvincingitsopponentsandmakingthemseethelight,butratherbecauseitsopponentseventuallydie,andanewgenerationgrowsupthatisfamiliarwithit.〞
Kuhn(1)1.Kuhn’sHistoryofScienceDescriptiveProject:ImmatureScienceNormalScienceAnomaliesCrisisRevolution
ParadigmDiagramoldparadigmunexplainedobservationscompetingnewparadigmsonedominantparadigmpuzzlesolvingincommensurateunsolvedpuzzlesignoredMoppingupoperationunexplainedobservationsandalternativeinterpretationignoreduntilenoughaccumulatestooverturncurrentparadigmunexplainedobservations
Kuhn(1)1.Kuhn’sHistoryofScienceImmatureScience:NoprevailingschoolofthoughtVariousdisparatetheoriesCompetition
REQUIREMENTSFORACHANGEINPARADIGMAsignificantbodyofevidenceariseswhichtheoldparadigmcannotexplain.Ayoungscientistonthefringeofscience.Atheoretician(usually).Ashotinthedark.Courage,stubbornness,patience,communicationskills,etc.Adramaticpredictedconsequencethattheoldparadigmcouldnothavemadewhichprovestrue.
GREATPARADIGMSHIFTSINSCIENCE1.Geocentrism?HeliocentrismCopernicus(Galileo,Keppler)2.Twoseparatesetsoflawsofnatureonearthandinthe“heavens〞?OnesetofuniversallawsofnatureNewton3.Youngearth/catastrophism?Oldearth/uniformitarianismHuttonandLyell4.Fixityofspecies?EvolutionofspeciesDarwin5.Undividableatoms?Subatomicparticles(JJThompsonandothers)6.Classicalmechanics(wavesvsparticles)?Quantummechanics(wave/particleduality)Einstein,Planck,Heisenberg,DeBroglie7.Fixedmass,timeandlength?RelativityEinstein8.Uniformitarianism?Catastrophism(actuallyamixedparadigm)9.Sta
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