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托福阅读TOEFL三篇tpo70原文译文题目答案背景知识
TOC\o1-2\h\u5932阅读-1 2
17422原文 2
76译文 5
17556题目 7
1958答案 15
24033背景知识 16
20297阅读-2 21
26483原文 21
16324译文 25
25238题目 27
3133答案 36
22691背景知识 37
22607阅读-3 40
10209原文 40
5591译文 44
7336题目 47
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24704背景知识 56
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原文
TheDevelopmentofChineseDynasties
①ThecentralizeddynastiesthatruledancientChinawereaproductoftheterrainandclimateoftheAsiancontinent.ChinaisisolatedfromtherestoftheEasternhemispherebyformidablenaturalbarriersofmountainsonthewestandsouthwestaswellastheGobiDesertonthenorth.TotheeastliesthePacificOcean.AlthoughChina’sseparationwasnottotal—tradegoods,people,andideasmovedbackandforthbetweenChina,India,aridCentralAsiainmanyrespectsitsdevelopmentwasdistinctive.
②Initsformativeyears,ChinesecivilizationhadbeeninfluencedbythecontributingfactorsoftheYellowRiverregion,thelandoftheloess.Itisgenerallyunderstoodthattheriver,runningthroughavastareawherethefineandporoussoilaccountsforthelargesiltcontentinitscurrent,hasaconstanttendencytoclogitsowncourseandcausedikestobreakandenormousinundationstooccur.Theproblemcannotbedealtwithlocally.ThispredicamenthasahistoricaloriginthatcanbetracedatleasttotheSpringandAutumnperiod(722—481B.C.),whenin652B.C.DukeHuanofQiconvenedhisleagueofstates.Amutualpledgebyallparticipantsisrecordedinvarioussourcesas“nottoexecuteimproperdikes”and“nottohinderthewaterflow.”ThestoneinscriptionsofhisownachievementserectedbythefirstemperoroftheQindynasty(221—207B.C.)arereproducedinTheRecordsofHistory.Oneofthemeritoriousdeedsthathecreditedtohimselfwasthe“neutralizationofthebarriersthatobstructedwaterflows.”TheseandotherreferencesareevidencethatChina’spoliticalunification,achievedi
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