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DurkheimonRulesforaSociologicalMethod
Durkheim:Firstacademicsociologist1.Wantstomakesociologya‘science’2.Doesnotwantittobeaninstrumentofcrudemanipulation.3.Problem:Howcantherebeascientificobjectthatisnotdirectlyobservable?
‘Thereisnosuchthingassociety’
InDefenceofSociologyDurkheimagainst‘TheCultoftheIndividual’Lifeisaboutpromotingauniquepersonality‘Thereisnosuchthingassociety’Howmuch‘individualchoice’dowehave?
Individualismhasgrownwithgreaterconformityinpublicopinon
ReductionismDurkheimAgainstReductionismExplainingphenomenabythepartsthatmakethemup
ReductionISM=ExplainIngAWHOLEBYITSPARTS
MorethanthepartsWater=HydrogenandOxigyenBronze=Copperandtin
Anti-ReductionistPsychologicalExplanationse.g.intelligenceSocio-biologicalexplanationse.g.genesThereisadistinctsociallevelthatneedsexplanation
TheimportanceoftheSocial
Socialpressureexistsevenifwedenyit.‘Wedonotdetecttheweightofair.Butitisheavynonetheless’
1.Socialisation1)Weencounterreadymadebeliefs/waysofthinkingatbirthandaresocialisedintothem
2.SocialRestraintLegalcodeMoralOrderBeliefsystemwhichstopusactingincertainways
3.SocialPatternsTherearepatternsoffoodconsumptionbysocialclassThereisarisingpatternofobesity
Apatternoflifeexpectancy
Patternsoffamilylife
4.SocialRoleWeslotintosocialrole.Arole=asetofexpectationstowhichweconform
5.SocialcurrentsEmotionswhichaarisefromcollectivitywhichoverwhelmtheindividual
SocialFactsThesubjectsmatterofSociologyisSocialFacts‘Thingsincludeallobjectsofknowledgethatcannotbeconceivedbypurelymentalactivity’
Whatisasocialfact?AsocialFactis1)Generalthroughoutsociety2)Anyformofactionthatexercisesaconstraintovertheindividual3)Externaltotheindividual4)Cannotbereducedtopsychologyorbiology
Durkheim’sDefinitionofSocialFactAsocial
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