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tpo30三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
TOC\o1-2\h\u5909阅读-1 2
6805原文 2
11201译文 5
24489题目 7
7772答案 17
24818背景知识 18
13138阅读-2 22
27455原文 22
32252译文 25
32549题目 28
21692答案 36
31028背景知识 37
19142阅读-3 42
19723原文 42
1402译文 46
29156题目 48
12598答案 57
21634背景知识 57
阅读-1
原文
RoleofPlayinDevelopment
①Playiseasiertodefinewithexamplesthanwithconcepts.Inanycase,inanimalsitconsistsofleaping,running,climbing,throwing,wrestling,andothermovements,eitheralong,withobjects,orwithotheranimals.Dependingonthespecies,playmaybeprimarilyforsocialinteraction,exercise,orexploration.Oneoftheproblemsinprovidingacleardefinitionofplayisthatitinvolvesthesamebehaviorsthattakeplaceinothercircumstance--dominance,predation,competition,andrealfighting.Thus,whetherplayoccursornotdependsontheintentionoftheanimals,andtheintentionsarenotalwaysclearfrombehaviorsalone.
②Playappearstobeadevelopmentalcharacteristicofanimalswithfairlysophisticatednervoussystems,mainlybirdsandmammals.Playhasbeenstudiedmostextensivelyinprimatesandcanids(dogs).Exactlywhyanimalsplayisstillamatterdebatedintheresearchliterature,andthereasonsmaynotbethesameforeveryspeciesthatplays.Determiningthefunctionsofplayisdifficultbecausethefunctionsmaybelong-term,withbeneficialeffectsnotshowingupuntiltheanimalsadulthood.
③Playisnotwithoutconsiderablecoststotheindividualanimal.Playisusuallyveryactive,involvingmovementinspaceand,attimes,noisemaking.Therefore,itresultsinthelossoffuelorenergythatmightbetterbeusedforgrowthorforbuildingupfatstoresinayounganimal.Anotherpotentialcostofthisactivityisgreaterexposuretopredatorssinceplayisattention-gettingbehavior.Greatactivitiesalsoincreasetheriskofinjuryinslippingorfalling.
④Thebenefitsof
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