tpo30三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识.docx

PAGE

PAGE1

tpo30三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识

TOC\o1-2\h\u5909阅读-1 2

6805原文 2

11201译文 5

24489题目 7

7772答案 17

24818背景知识 18

13138阅读-2 22

27455原文 22

32252译文 25

32549题目 28

21692答案 36

31028背景知识 37

19142阅读-3 42

19723原文 42

1402译文 46

29156题目 48

12598答案 57

21634背景知识 57

阅读-1

原文

RoleofPlayinDevelopment

①Playiseasiertodefinewithexamplesthanwithconcepts.Inanycase,inanimalsitconsistsofleaping,running,climbing,throwing,wrestling,andothermovements,eitheralong,withobjects,orwithotheranimals.Dependingonthespecies,playmaybeprimarilyforsocialinteraction,exercise,orexploration.Oneoftheproblemsinprovidingacleardefinitionofplayisthatitinvolvesthesamebehaviorsthattakeplaceinothercircumstance--dominance,predation,competition,andrealfighting.Thus,whetherplayoccursornotdependsontheintentionoftheanimals,andtheintentionsarenotalwaysclearfrombehaviorsalone.

②Playappearstobeadevelopmentalcharacteristicofanimalswithfairlysophisticatednervoussystems,mainlybirdsandmammals.Playhasbeenstudiedmostextensivelyinprimatesandcanids(dogs).Exactlywhyanimalsplayisstillamatterdebatedintheresearchliterature,andthereasonsmaynotbethesameforeveryspeciesthatplays.Determiningthefunctionsofplayisdifficultbecausethefunctionsmaybelong-term,withbeneficialeffectsnotshowingupuntiltheanimalsadulthood.

③Playisnotwithoutconsiderablecoststotheindividualanimal.Playisusuallyveryactive,involvingmovementinspaceand,attimes,noisemaking.Therefore,itresultsinthelossoffuelorenergythatmightbetterbeusedforgrowthorforbuildingupfatstoresinayounganimal.Anotherpotentialcostofthisactivityisgreaterexposuretopredatorssinceplayisattention-gettingbehavior.Greatactivitiesalsoincreasetheriskofinjuryinslippingorfalling.

④Thebenefitsof