tpo41三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识.docx

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tpo41三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识

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NavajoArt

①TheNavajo,aNativeAmericanpeoplelivinginthesouthwesternUnitedStates,liveinsmallscatteredsettlements.Inmanyrespects,suchaseducation,occupation,andleisureactivities,theirlifeislikethatofothergroupsthatcontributetothediversesocialfabricofNorthAmericancultureinthetwenty-firstcentury.Atthesametime,theyhaveretainedsometraditionalculturalpracticesthatareassociatedwithparticularartforms.Forexample,themostimportanttraditionalNavajoritualsincludetheproductionoflargefloorpaintings.Theseareactuallymadebypouringthin,finelycontrolledstreamsofcoloredsandsorpulverizedvegetableandmineralsubstances,pollen,andflowersinprecisepatternsontheground.Thelargestofthesepaintingsmaybeupto5.5metersindiameterandcovertheentirefloorofaroom.Workingfromtheinsideofthedesignoutward,theNavajoartistandhisassistantswillsifttheblack,white,bluish-gray,orange,andredmaterialsthroughtheirfingerstocreatethefinelydetailedimagery.Thepaintingsandchantsusedintheceremoniesaredirectedbywell-trainedartistsandsingerswhoenlisttheaidofspiritswhoareimpersonatedbymaskedperformers.Thetwenty-fourknownNavajochantscanberepresentedbyupto500sandpaintings.Thesecomplexpaintingsserveasmemoryaidstoguidethesingersduringtheperformanceoftheritualsongs,whichcanlastuptoninedays.

②ThepurposeandmeaningofthesandpaintingscanbeexplainedbyexaminingoneofthemostbasicidealsofNavajosociety,embodiedintheirwordhozho(beautyorharmony,goodness,andhappiness).