tpo50三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识.docx

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tpo50三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识

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AmericanRailroads

①IntheUnitedStates,railroadsspearheadedthesecondphaseofthetransportationrevolutionbyovertakingthepreviousimportanceofcanals.Themid-1800ssawagreatexpansionofAmericanrailroads.ThemajorcitieseastoftheMississippiRiverwerelinkedbyaspiderwebofrailroadtracks.Chicagosgrowthillustratestheimpactoftheseraillinks.In1849Chicagowasavillageofafewhundredpeoplewithvirtuallynorailservice.By1860ithadbecomeacityof100,000,servedbyelevenrailroads.FarmerstothenorthandwestofChicagonolongerhadtoshiptheirgrain,livestock,anddairyproductsdowntheMississippiRivertoNewOrleans;theycouldnowshiptheirproductsdirectlyeast.ChicagosupplantedNewOrleansastheinteriorofAmericasmaincommercialhub.

②Theeast-westraillinesstimulatedthesettlementandagriculturaldevelopmentoftheMidwest.By1860Illinois,Indiana,andWisconsinhadreplacedOhio,Pennsylvania,andNewYorkastheleadingwheat-growingstates.EnablingfarmerstospeedtheirproductstotheEast,railroadsincreasedthevalueoffarmlandandpromotedadditionalsettlement.Inturn,populationgrowthinagriculturalareastriggeredindustrialdevelopmentincitiessuchasChicago,Davenport(Iowa),andMinneapolis,forthenewsettlersneededlumberforfencesandhousesandmillstogrindwheatintoflour.

③Railroadsalsopropelledthegrowthofsmalltownsalongtheirroutes.TheIllinoisCentralRailroad,whichhadmoretrackthananyotherrailroadin1855,mademoneynotonlyfromitstrafficbutalsofromrealestatespeculation.Purchasinglandforstationsalong