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托福阅读tpo34R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
原文
IslamicArtandTheBook
①TheartsoftheIslamicbook,suchascalligraphyanddecorativedrawing,
developedduringA.D.900to1500,andluxurybooksaresomeofthemost
characteristicexamplesofIslamicartproducedinthisperiod.Thiscameabout
fromtwomajordevelopments:paperbecamecommon,replacingparchmentas
themajormediumforwriting,androundedscriptswereregularizedandperfected
sothattheyreplacedtheangularscriptsofthepreviousperiod,whichbecauseof
theirangularitywereuneveninheight.Booksbecamemajorvehiclesforartistic
expression,andtheartistswhoproducedthem,notablycalligraphersandpainters,
enjoyedhighstatus,andtheirworkshopswereoftensponsoredbyprincesand
theircourts.BeforeA.D.900,manuscriptsoftheKoran(thebookcontainingthe
teachingsoftheIslamicreligion)seemtohavebeenthemostcommontypeof
bookproducedanddecorated,butafterthatdateawiderangeofbookswere
producedforabroadspectrumofpatrons.Thesecontinuedtoinclude,ofcourse,
manuscriptsoftheKoran,whicheveryMuslimwantedtoread,butscientificworks,
histories,romances,andepicandlyricpoetrywerealsocopiedinfinehandwriting
anddecoratedwithbeautifulillustrations.Mostweremadeforsaleontheopen
market,andcitiesboastedspecialsouks(markets)wherebookswereboughtand
sold.ThemosqueofMarrakechinMoroccoisknownastheKutubiyya,or
Booksellers’Mosque,aftertheadjacentmarket.Someofthemostluxurious
bookswerespecificcommissionsmadeattheorderofaparticularprinceand
signedbythecalligrapheranddecorator.
②PapermakinghadbeenintroducedtotheIslamiclandsfromChinaintheeighth
century.IthasbeensaidthatChinesepapermakerswereamongtheprisoners
capturedinabattlefoughtnearSamarqandbetweentheChineseandtheMuslims
in751,andthetechnique
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