托福阅读tpo30R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识.pdf

托福阅读tpo30R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识

原文1

译文4

题目7

答案16

背景知识17

原文

RoleofPlayinDevelopment

①Playiseasiertodefinewithexamplesthanwithconcepts.Inanycase,

inanimalsitconsistsofleaping,running,climbing,throwing,wrestling,

andothermovements,eitheralong,withobjects,orwithotheranimals.

Dependingonthespecies,playmaybeprimarilyforsocialinteraction,

exercise,orexploration.Oneoftheproblemsinprovidingaclear

definitionofplayisthatitinvolvesthesamebehaviorsthattakeplacein

othercircumstance--dominance,predation,competition,andreal

fighting.Thus,whetherplayoccursornotdependsontheintentionof

theanimals,andtheintentionsarenotalwaysclearfrombehaviors

alone.

②Playappearstobeadevelopmentalcharacteristicofanimalswith

1

fairlysophisticatednervoussystems,mainlybirdsandmammals.Play

hasbeenstudiedmostextensivelyinprimatesandcanids(dogs).Exactly

whyanimalsplayisstillamatterdebatedintheresearchliterature,and

thereasonsmaynotbethesameforeveryspeciesthatplays.

Determiningthefunctionsofplayisdifficultbecausethefunctionsmay

belong-term,withbeneficialeffectsnotshowingupuntiltheanimals

adulthood.

③Playisnotwithoutconsiderablecoststotheindividualanimal.Playis

usuallyveryactive,involvingmovementinspaceand,attimes,

noisemaking.Therefore,itresultsinthelossoffuelorenergythatmight

betterbeusedforgrowthorforbuildingupfatstoresinayounganimal.

Anotherpotentialcostofthisactivityisgreaterexposuretopredators

sinceplayisattention-gettingbehavior.Greatactivitiesalsoincreasethe

riskofinjuryinslippingorfalling.

④Thebenefitsofplaymustoutweighcosts,orplaywouldnothave

evolved,accordingtoDarwinstheory.Someofthepotentialbenefits

relatedirectlytothehealthydevelopme