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托福阅读tpo30R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
原文1
译文4
题目7
答案16
背景知识17
原文
RoleofPlayinDevelopment
①Playiseasiertodefinewithexamplesthanwithconcepts.Inanycase,
inanimalsitconsistsofleaping,running,climbing,throwing,wrestling,
andothermovements,eitheralong,withobjects,orwithotheranimals.
Dependingonthespecies,playmaybeprimarilyforsocialinteraction,
exercise,orexploration.Oneoftheproblemsinprovidingaclear
definitionofplayisthatitinvolvesthesamebehaviorsthattakeplacein
othercircumstance--dominance,predation,competition,andreal
fighting.Thus,whetherplayoccursornotdependsontheintentionof
theanimals,andtheintentionsarenotalwaysclearfrombehaviors
alone.
②Playappearstobeadevelopmentalcharacteristicofanimalswith
1
fairlysophisticatednervoussystems,mainlybirdsandmammals.Play
hasbeenstudiedmostextensivelyinprimatesandcanids(dogs).Exactly
whyanimalsplayisstillamatterdebatedintheresearchliterature,and
thereasonsmaynotbethesameforeveryspeciesthatplays.
Determiningthefunctionsofplayisdifficultbecausethefunctionsmay
belong-term,withbeneficialeffectsnotshowingupuntiltheanimals
adulthood.
③Playisnotwithoutconsiderablecoststotheindividualanimal.Playis
usuallyveryactive,involvingmovementinspaceand,attimes,
noisemaking.Therefore,itresultsinthelossoffuelorenergythatmight
betterbeusedforgrowthorforbuildingupfatstoresinayounganimal.
Anotherpotentialcostofthisactivityisgreaterexposuretopredators
sinceplayisattention-gettingbehavior.Greatactivitiesalsoincreasethe
riskofinjuryinslippingorfalling.
④Thebenefitsofplaymustoutweighcosts,orplaywouldnothave
evolved,accordingtoDarwinstheory.Someofthepotentialbenefits
relatedirectlytothehealthydevelopme
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