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托福阅读tpo41R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
原文
TradeAndEarlyStateFormation
①Barteringwasabasictrademechanismformanythousandsofyears;often
sporadicandusuallybasedonnotionsofreciprocity,itinvolvedthemutual
exchangeofcommoditiesorobjectsbetweenindividualsorgroups.Redistribution
ofthesegoodsthroughsocietylayinthehandsofchiefs,religiousleaders,orkin
groups.Suchredistributionwasabasicelementinchiefdoms.Thechangefrom
redistributiontoformaltrade—oftenbasedonregulatedcommercethatperhaps
involvedfixedpricesandevencurrency—wascloselytiedtogrowingpoliticaland
socialcomplexityandhencetothedevelopmentofthestateintheancientworld.
②Inthe1970s,anumberofarchaeologistsgavetradeaprimaryroleintheriseof
ancientstates.BritisharchaeologistColinRenfrewattributedthedramatic
floweringoftheMinoancivilizationonCreteandthroughtheAegeantointensified
tradingcontactsandtotheimpactofoliveandvinecultivationonlocal
communities.Asagriculturaleconomiesbecamemorediversifiedandlocalfood
suppliescouldbepurchasedbothlocallyandoverlongerdistances,afar-reaching
economicinterdependenceresulted.Eventually,thisledtoredistributionsystems
forluxuriesandbasiccommodities,systemsthatwereorganizedandcontrolledby
Minoanrulersfromtheirpalaces.Astimewenton,theself-sufficiencyof
communitieswasreplacedbymutualdependence.Interestinlong-distancetrade
broughtaboutsomeculturalhomogeneityfromtradeandgiftexchange,and
perhapsevenledtopiracy.Thus,intensifiedtradeandinteraction,andthe
floweringofspecialistcrafts,inacomplexprocessofpositivefeedback,ledto
muchmorecomplexsocietiesbasedonpalaces,whichweretheeconomichubsof
anewMinoancivilization.
③Renfrew’smodelmadesomeassumptionsthatarenowdiscounted.For
example,hearguedthattheintr
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