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托福阅读TPO50R-1AmericanRailroads
原文1
译文4
题目7
答案15
背景知识17
原文
AmericanRailroads
①IntheUnitedStates,railroadsspearheadedthesecondphaseofthe
transportationrevolutionbyovertakingthepreviousimportanceof
canals.Themid-1800ssawagreatexpansionofAmericanrailroads.
ThemajorcitieseastoftheMississippiRiverwerelinkedbya
spiderwebofrailroadtracks.Chicagosgrowthillustratestheimpactof
theseraillinks.In1849Chicagowasavillageofafewhundredpeople
withvirtuallynorailservice.By1860ithadbecomeacityof100,000,
servedbyelevenrailroads.FarmerstothenorthandwestofChicago
nolongerhadtoshiptheirgrain,livestock,anddairyproductsdown
theMississippiRivertoNewOrleans;theycouldnowshiptheir
productsdirectlyeast.ChicagosupplantedNewOrleansastheinterior
ofAmericasmaincommercialhub.
1
②Theeast-westraillinesstimulatedthesettlementandagricultural
developmentoftheMidwest.By1860Illinois,Indiana,andWisconsin
hadreplacedOhio,Pennsylvania,andNewYorkastheleading
wheat-growingstates.Enablingfarmerstospeedtheirproductstothe
East,railroadsincreasedthevalueoffarmlandandpromoted
additionalsettlement.Inturn,populationgrowthinagriculturalareas
triggeredindustrialdevelopmentincitiessuchasChicago,Davenport
(Iowa),andMinneapolis,forthenewsettlersneededlumberforfences
andhousesandmillstogrindwheatintoflour.
③Railroadsalsopropelledthegrowthofsmalltownsalongtheir
routes.TheIllinoisCentralRailroad,whichhadmoretrackthanany
otherrailroadin1855,mademoneynotonlyfromitstrafficbutalso
fromrealestatespeculation.Purchasinglandforstationsalongitspath,
theIllinoisCentralthenlaidouttownsaroundthestations.The
selectionofManteno,Illinois,
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