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托福阅读TPO51R-3PopulationGrowthinNineteenth-CenturyEurope
TOC\o1-1\h\u7269原文 1
12852译文 4
7798题目 7
18960答案 14
18895背景知识 17
原文
PopulationGrowthinNineteenth-CenturyEurope
①Becauseofindustrialization,butalsobecauseofavastincreaseinagriculturaloutputwithoutwhichindustrializationwouldhavebeenimpossible,WesternEuropeansbythelatterhalfofthenineteenthcenturyenjoyedhigherstandardsoflivingandlonger,healthierlivesthanmostoftheworld’speoples.InEuropeasawhole,thepopulationrosefrom188millionin1800to400millionin1900.By1900,virtuallyeveryareaofEuropehadcontributedtothetremendoussurgeofpopulation,buteachmajorregionwasatadifferentstageofdemographicchange.
②Improvementsinthefoodsupplycontinuedtrendsthathadstartedinthelateseventeenthcentury.Newlandswereputundercultivation,whiletheuseofcropsofAmericanorigin,particularlythepotato,continuedtoexpand.Setbacksdidoccur.Regionalagriculturalfailureswerethemostcommoncauseofeconomicrecessionsuntil1850,andtheycouldleadtolocalizedfamineaswell.Amajorpotatoblight(disease)in1846-1847ledtothedeathsofatleastonemillionpersonsinIrelandandtheemigrationofanothermillion,andIrelandneverrecoveredthepopulationlevelsthepotatohadsustainedtothatpoint.BadgrainharvestsatthesametimeledtoincreasedhardshipthroughoutmuchofEurope.
③After1850,however,theexpansionoffoodsmoreregularlykeptpacewithpopulationgrowth,thoughthepoorerclassesremainedmalnourished.Twodevelopmentswerecrucial.First,theapplicationofscienceandnewtechnologytoagricultureincreased.LedbyGermanuniversities,increasingresearchwasdevotedtoimprovingseeds,developingchemicalfertilizers,andadvancinglivestock.After1861,withthedevelopmentofland-grantuniversitiesintheUnitedStatesthathadhugeagriculturalprograms
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