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托福阅读TPO54R-1TheCommercializationofLumber
TOC\o1-1\h\u3714原文 1
2629译文 5
15047题目 7
30798答案 14
25411背景知识 15
原文
TheCommercializationofLumber
①Innineteenth-centuryAmerica,practicallyeverythingthatwasbuiltinvolvedwood.Pinewasespeciallyattractiveforbuildingpurposes.Itisdurableandstrong,yetsoftenoughtobeeasilyworkedwitheventhesimplestofhandtools.Italsofloatsnicelyonwater,whichallowedittobetransportedtodistantmarketsacrossthenation.ThecentralandnorthernreachesoftheGreatLakesstates—Michigan,Wisconsin,andMinnesota—allcontainedextensivepineforestsaswellasmanylargeriversforfloatinglogsintotheGreatLakes,fromwheretheyweretransportednationwide.
②By1860,thesettlementoftheAmericanWestalongwithtimbershortagesintheEastconvergedwithever-wideningimpactonthepineforestsoftheGreatLakesstates.Overthenext30years,lumberingbecameafull-fledgedenterpriseinMichigan,Wisconsin,andMinnesota.Newlyformedlumberingcorporationsboughtuphugetractsofpinelandandsetaboutsystematicallycuttingthetrees.Boththecolonistsandthelaterindustrialistssawtimberasacommodity,butthelattergroupadoptedafarmorethoroughandcalculatingapproachtoremovingtrees.Inthissense,whathappenedbetween1860and1890representedasignificantbreakwiththepast.Nolongerwerefarmersinsearchofextraincomethemainsourceforshingles,firewood,andotherwoodproducts.Bythe1870s,farmersandcitydwellersalikepurchasedforestproductsfromlargemanufacturingcompanieslocatedintheGreatLakesstatesratherthanchoppingwoodthemselvesorbuyingitlocally.
③Thecommercializationoflumberingwasinparttheproductoftechnologicalchange.Theearly,thicksawbladestendedtowastealargequantityofwood,withperhapsasmuchasathirdofthelogleftbehindonthefloorassawdustorscrap.Inthe1870s,
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