托福阅读tpo54R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识.docx

托福阅读tpo54R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识.docx

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托福阅读TPO54R-1TheCommercializationofLumber

TOC\o1-1\h\u3714原文 1

2629译文 5

15047题目 7

30798答案 14

25411背景知识 15

原文

TheCommercializationofLumber

①Innineteenth-centuryAmerica,practicallyeverythingthatwasbuiltinvolvedwood.Pinewasespeciallyattractiveforbuildingpurposes.Itisdurableandstrong,yetsoftenoughtobeeasilyworkedwitheventhesimplestofhandtools.Italsofloatsnicelyonwater,whichallowedittobetransportedtodistantmarketsacrossthenation.ThecentralandnorthernreachesoftheGreatLakesstates—Michigan,Wisconsin,andMinnesota—allcontainedextensivepineforestsaswellasmanylargeriversforfloatinglogsintotheGreatLakes,fromwheretheyweretransportednationwide.

②By1860,thesettlementoftheAmericanWestalongwithtimbershortagesintheEastconvergedwithever-wideningimpactonthepineforestsoftheGreatLakesstates.Overthenext30years,lumberingbecameafull-fledgedenterpriseinMichigan,Wisconsin,andMinnesota.Newlyformedlumberingcorporationsboughtuphugetractsofpinelandandsetaboutsystematicallycuttingthetrees.Boththecolonistsandthelaterindustrialistssawtimberasacommodity,butthelattergroupadoptedafarmorethoroughandcalculatingapproachtoremovingtrees.Inthissense,whathappenedbetween1860and1890representedasignificantbreakwiththepast.Nolongerwerefarmersinsearchofextraincomethemainsourceforshingles,firewood,andotherwoodproducts.Bythe1870s,farmersandcitydwellersalikepurchasedforestproductsfromlargemanufacturingcompanieslocatedintheGreatLakesstatesratherthanchoppingwoodthemselvesorbuyingitlocally.

③Thecommercializationoflumberingwasinparttheproductoftechnologicalchange.Theearly,thicksawbladestendedtowastealargequantityofwood,withperhapsasmuchasathirdofthelogleftbehindonthefloorassawdustorscrap.Inthe1870s,

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