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PhytoplasmaEffectorSAP54InducesIndeterminate
Leaf-LikeFlowerDevelopmentin
ArabidopsisPlantsTOPIC
AllysonM.MacLean,AkikoSugio,OlgaV.Makarova,KimC.,VictoriaM.Grieve,Re′kaTo′th,MogensNicolaisen,andSaskiaA.HogenhoutAUTHOR
Themaincontent
Phytoplasmasareinsect-transmittedbacterialplantpathogensthatcauseconsiderabledamagetoadiverserangeofagriculturalcropsglobally.Symptomsinducedininfectedplantssuggestthatthesephytopathogensmaymodulatedevelopmentalprocesseswithintheplanthost.
WereporthereinthatAsterYellowsphytoplasmastrainWitches’Broom(AY-WB)readilyinfectsthemodelplantArabidopsis(Arabidopsisthaliana)ecotypeColumbia,inducingsymptomsthatarecharacteristicofphytoplasmainfection,suchastheproductionofgreenleaf-likeflowers(virescenceandphyllody)andincreasedformationofstemsandbranches(witches’broom).
WefoundthatthemajorityofgenesencodingsecretedAY-WBproteins(SAPs),whicharecandidateeffectorproteins,areexpressedinArabidopsisandtheAY-WBinsectvectorMacrostelesquadrilineatus(Hemiptera;Cicadellidae).
Toidentifywhichoftheseeffectorproteinsinducesymptomsofphyllodyandvirescence,weindividuallyexpressedtheeffectorgenesinArabidopsis.Fromthisscreen,wehaveidentifiedanovelAY-WBeffectorprotein,SAP54,thataltersfloraldevelopment,resultingintheproductionofleaf-likeflowersthataresimilartothoseproducedbyplantsinfectedwiththisphytoplasma.
Phytoplasmasareobligateparasitesthatsurviveandreplicateintracellularlywithinbothinsectandplanthosts.Withinaplant,phytoplasmasinhabitthephloemandareinjecteddirectlyintothecytoplasmofphloemsievecellsviathefeedingactivityofaninsectvector.InsectscapableoftransmittingphytoplasmascomprisemembersoftheorderHemiptera,includingsap-suckingleafhoppers,planthoppers,andpsyllids.
Insectscapableoftransmittingphytoplasmasco
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