knawfrankeconvimplicrevised202210171502page11inter最新完整版本.pdf

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“KNAW˙Franke˙ConvImplic˙Revised”—2007/10/17—15:02—page1—#1

InterpretationofOptimalSignals

MichaelFranke∗

InstituteforLogic,LanguageandComputation

UniversiteitvanAmsterdam

NieuweDoelenstraat15

1012CPAmsterdam,TheNetherlands

m.franke@uva.nl

Abstract

AccordingtotheoptimalassertionsapproachofBenzandvanRooij

(2007),conversationalimplicaturescanbecalculatedbasedontheas-

sumptionthatagivensignalwasoptimal,i.e.thatitwasthesender’s

bestchoiceifsheassumes,purelyhypothetically,aparticularnaive

receiverinterpretationbehavior.Thispaperembedstheoptimalas-

sertionsapproachinageneralsignalinggamesettingandderivesthe

notionofanoptimalsignalviaaseriousofiteratedbestresponses(c.f.

J¨ager,2007).Subsequently,wewillcomparethreediﬀerentwaysof

interpretingsuchoptimalsignals.Itturnsoutthatunderanatural

assumptionofexpressibility(i)theoptimalassertionsapproach,(ii)

iteratedbestresponseand(iii)strongbidirectionaloptimalitytheory

(Blutner,1998,2000)allproveequivalent.Wethenproceedtoshow

that,ifwetaketheiteratedbestresponsesequenceonestepfurther,

wecanaccountforM-implicatures(Horn’sdivisionofpragmaticlabor)

standardlyintermsofsignalinggames.

Oftenweexpressmorewiththeuseofourwordsthanwhatthosewords

meanliterally.Forexample,ifyouweretosaythatthisobservationisnotpar-

ticularlynew,Iwouldclearlygetthehintandunderstandthatyoumeantto

saythatitismorethanjustnotparticularlynew,indeedaworkingstandard

inlinguisticpragmatics.Suchconversationalimplicatureswereﬁrsts

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