环境经济政策 课件 Rationale for Environmental Policy.pptx

环境经济政策 课件 Rationale for Environmental Policy.pptx

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RationaleforEnvironmentalPolicy

SourceofEnvironmentalProblemsTwoPerspectives:NegativeExternality【负外部性】ProblemsoftheCommons(PublicGoods)【公共物品】

NegativeExternality

PublicGoods

WhatConcernsYouMore

TragedyoftheCommons【公用地灾难】

ASimpleModeloftheFishery

TaxandPermitTradingTheNewEnglandlobsterfisheryIn1966,theefficientnumberoftrapssetwouldhavebeenabout450,000;Whiletheactualnumberwasnearlyonemillion.ThePacifichalibutfisheryintheBeringSeaTheefficientnumberofshipswasnine;Whiletheactualnumberwas140(DanielD.Huppert1990).TheNorthAtlanticstockofminkewhaleTheefficientstocksizewasabout67,000adultmales;Whereastheopen-accessstockhadbeendepletedto25,000(Amundsen,BjorndalandConrad1995).Intermsofsocialcosts,ananalysisoftwolobsterfisheriesineasternCanadafoundthatlossesduetounrestrictedentryamountedtoabout25percentofmarketvalueofharvests(HendersonandTugwell1979).

AnnualHarvestofAtlanticCod,1950-2008

1984环境保护局EnvironmentalProtectionAdministration2008环境保护部MinistryofEnvironmentalProtection2018生态环境部MinistrofEcologyandEnvironmentElevationoftheImportanceofEP

PossiblePolicyTreatmentsLimitannualcatchesRestrictionsonallowedtechnologiesClosureofparticularareasImpositionoflimitedseasonsQualifyingfisherman

PossiblePolicyTreatmentsNewYorkCity’soysterfishery:In1860,12millionoystersweresoldinNewYorkCitymarkets.By1880,productionwasupto700millionoystersperyear.Theoysterbedswerebeingdepleted.Firstthecityrestrictedwhocouldharvestoysters,thenwhentheywerepermittedtodoso.Eventually,thecitylimitedtheuseofdredgesandsteampower.Nevertheless,in1927,thelastofthecity’soysterbedsclosed.Overcapitalizationisgreater,asistheconsequentwelfareloss.Commonphenomena:overfishingoccurs,thefisherystockisdepleted,thegovernmentrespondsbyregulatingthe

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