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LiabilityApproachforEnvironmentalProtection
LegalRemedyforEnvironmentalHarmsTortlawdealswithenvironmentalharms;ThetwofunctionsoftortlawareToprovidethebasisforrecoveryforaninjuredparty;Todeterothersfromengaginginsimilaractivities:Foranuisanceclaimtobeestablished:Aplaintiffneedstoshowthatthedefendant’sactivitiesinterferedwithhisuseorenjoymentofland.Theplaintiffisrequiredtoshowthatthedefendant’sactivitiescausedthisinjury.
ChallengeswithLegalRemedyChallengeOne:itishardtomakepolluterspayHardtoestablishthatthedefendant’sactivitiesarethecauseoftheinjuriesinissue;Difficultiesinprovingthedefendants’negligenceorunreasonableandintentionalconduct;Thevictimsbearstheburdenofpleadinginjuryandprovingthecausation.Theinformational,proceduralandfinancialbarriersprecludedmanyaffectedpartiesfrombringingsuit.ChallengeTwo:SmallfirmproblemTheassetofthefirmthatcausesdamageissmallerthanthesizeofthedamage.
SmallFirmProblem
SmallFirmProblem19671967
IncentiveforRiskMitigationwithTortLawSociallyoptimalWhenplaintiffsdonotalwaystakeactionWhensmallfirmproblemissignificant
CERCLAComprehensiveEnvironmentalResponse,CompensationandLiabilityAct,commonlyreferredtoas“Superfund”;CERCLAmandatesastrongliabilityschemethatdictatesthatthoseresponsibleforenvironmentalcontaminationwill,totheextentpossible,paythecostsofcleanup;
LoveCanalIncident
CERCLAThecourtshaveinterpretedCERCLAasimposingasystemofbroadliabilityofthreetypes:Strictliability:imposesliabilitywithoutshowingofcriminalintentorcontribution;Retroactiveliability:imposesoncurrentownersofapropertyliabilityforallrequiredenvironmentalcleanups,toincludeprioractivitiesperformedbyformerownersactinglawfullyatthetimeoftheactivity;Jointandseveralliability:imposesliabilitywithoutresp
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