生物化学:引论.ppt

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*Thestructureofamacromoleculedeterminesitsspecificbiologicalfunction*MoleculescontainedinorganismsWater(50-95%)Ions(1%)Organicmolecules(Rest)Livingmatteriscomposedmostlyofthesixlighterelements:C,H,O,N,P,SH,O,N,andC:thelightestelementslightestelementsformthestrongestbondsBio-molecules*Thetraceelements(Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn,I,Mg)areabsolutelyessentialtolife.*Bio-molecules:CompoundsofCarbonCarbon:至少占细胞干重的一半WhyCarbon?versatilebondingcapacityEachCatomcanformverystablesinglebondwith1-4otherCatoms;anddoubleortriplebondsbetweentwoCatoms.CovalentlylinkedCatomscanformdifferentstructures(linear,branched,orcyclic)addingfunctionalgroupsconferringspecificactivitiestothemolecules.*Versatilityofcarboninformingcovalentbonds*Organiccompounds:Moleculescontainingcovalentlybondingcarbonbackbones;e.g.alcohols,amines,aldehydes(醛),ketones,羧基,巯基,…etcMostbio-moleculesareorganiccompounds.“C”:tetrahedralarrangementofitsfoursinglebonds.C-Csinglebondshavefreedomofrotation,butnotdoublenortriplebonds.Nootherchemicalelementhasthecapacitytoformmoleculesofsuchwidelydifferentsizes,shapes,withvarietyoffunctionalgroups**★Mostbiomoleculescanbeconsideredtobederivedfromhydrocarbons★hydrophilicinteractionsbetweenbiomoleculesHydrocarbons甲烷己烷*fisherBall-and-stickSpacefillingBio-moleculeshave3-Dstructures*Bio-moleculeshave3-DstructuresThespecialfeatureoforganiccompoundsisNOTtheircompositionsbutthewaytheiratomsarecombined(structures,1820s)Corollary(推论):twosubstancesmayshowthesamechemicalformulabutphysicallyandchemicallydifferentmaterials(differentstructuresandfunctions).*Conventionusedforconfiguration*Lightabsorbingpigmentinrhodopsinanintegralmembraneprotein*Chiral:手性*Interactio

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