如何申请自然科学基金.pptxVIP

如何提出科学的问题 The empirical sciences are systems of theories.…Theories are nets cast to catch what we call the world:to rationalize,to explain,and to master it.We endeavor to make the mesh ever finer and finer. 58 What is a theory? Karl Popper,2002,The Logic of Scientific Discovery,London:Routledge Classics,p.37-38. “A theory is a systematically related set of statements,including some law-like generalizations, that is empirically testable.The purpose of theory is to increase scientific understanding through a systematized structure capable of both explaining and predicting phenomena.”(p.149) Hunt,S.D.(1991)Moderm Marketing Theory-Critical issues in the philosophy of marketing science.Cincinnati,OH:South-Westem Publishing Co. 05-1: What is a theory? Generally speaking,a theory is a statement or set of statements about the relationships among variables. (McBurney,D.H.,p.17) Theory means …a system of logically interrelated, specifically non-contradictory,statements,ideas,and concepts relating to an area of reality,formulated in such a way that testable hypotheses can be derived from them.(de Groot,1969,p.40) What is a theory? A complete theory should contain four elements 1. What.Which factors logically should be considered as part of the explanation of the phenomena?(factor comprehensiveness and parsimony) 2. How.How are they related? 3. Why.What are the underlying psychological,economic,or social dynamics that justify the selection of factors and the proposed causal relationships? 4. Who,where,when.These conditions place limitations on the propositions generated from a theoretical model. What is a theory? Whetten,D.A.(1989)What constitute a theoretical contribution.AMR,14(4),490-495. 05-12 Theoretical models ■A Sheery is a general set of laws and principles of broad scope,from which different models and idealizations are derived from various auxiliary assumptions. ■A medel is theoret