曼昆《经济学原理》Chapter-10.ppt

Externalities1? 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. ExternalitiesExternalityThe uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystanderMarket failure Negative externalityImpact on the bystander is adversePositive externalityImpact on the bystander is beneficial2? 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. ExternalitiesMarket equilibriumInefficient allocation of resourcesBuyers and sellers neglect the external effects of their actions when deciding how much to demand or supplyFails to maximize the total benefit to society as a wholeGovernmentProtects the interests of bystanders3? 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Externalities Market InefficiencyWelfare economics: a recapDemand curve – value to consumersPrices they are willing to paySupply curve – cost to suppliersEquilibrium quantity and priceEfficientMaximizes sum of producer and consumer surplus4? 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Figure 15? 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain produ