《英语修辞学》第六章.ppt

English RhetoricBy Song Pingfeng Chapter One Introduction: Figures of Speech 1 1. What is a figure of speech2. Why are figures of speech used3. The classification of figures of speech4. Use figures of speech in a right wayContents of This Chapter2 1. What is a figure of speech1.1 In classical rhetoric:The figure of speech was termed “trope”(修辞,比喻). Tropes have to do with the way words are made to mean other than what they would normally imply, involving the deviation from its ordinary and literal meaning. They are ways of making language figurative. Tropes include metaphor, irony, and synecdoche（提喻）. 1.2 In the sixteenth century:The term “figure of speech” was the synonym of “scheme”. Schemes comprised the figures that arranged words into schematized(格式化的、公式化的) patterns of foregrounded（置于最突出位置的、最显著的） regularity of form, syntactic or phonetic. 3 1.3 According to Walter Nash:The “figure” is the superordinate term (上义词) , applicable to any rhetorical device. He divided it into “figures of syntax” and “figures of semantics” which was further divided into “word semantics” and “discourse semantics”.FIGUREScheme(syntax, e.g. parison)4 Figures of speech are just common and our everyday usage is naturally figurative, or at least figurative by preference(偏爱 ).E.g. Now and then of a lunchtime I’ll take a glass ----two glasses and I’ll take to my bed. Metonymy: involving the substitution of one thing for that of another. People often use the container as a name for the substance. E.g. The kettle is boiling. Therefore, Glass here refers to the wine or alcohol. Syllepsis(一语双叙): acquring different meanings with different collocations in the sentence. 1. take: drink; 2. take:生病卧床 More example: He lost his coat and his temper. Yesterday, he had a blue heart and coat. 5 1.4 Today:Figures of speech refer to all kinds of striking or unusual configurations of words or phrases. They involve the variation of any unit of the language system: graphic, ph