耕作学课件-有关的基本概念.pptVIP

* 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 第一课 有关的基本概念 Several related concepts； 农作制度的功能 Role of farming systems； 中国农作制度的特点 Features of farming systems in China。 基本概念 Several concepts The farming system is defined as: A unique and reasonably stable arrangement of farming enterprises that the household manages according to well-defined practices in response to physical, biological and socio-economic environments and in accordance with the household’s goals, preferences and resources. These factors combine to influence the output and production methods.” (Shaner (1982) in Merrill-Sands, 1986) 是农户按照其基于物理、生物和社会-经济环境而精心设计的生产措施，与其目的、优先选择和资源状况协调一致的对农业生产的独特的、相对稳定的安排。 Farming system 农作制度 Transitory Agricultural Systems: Nomadic pastoralism游牧; Shifting Cultivation遊墾 Settled Agriculture: 農耕 Arable Systems; 畜牧 Pastoral Systems; 大田農耕 Plantation Agriculture;? 小農農耕 Farm-Houshold (Small-farm) Agriculture;? 農漁牧混合制度 ?Mixed Farming Systems;? Urban Agriculture 都會農耕 (包括市民農園、屋頂菜園等) 農業生產制度 (Agricultural System) A farming system is more than just the production of crops and rearing of animals. It includes other resources, the activities and inputs of all members of the household. Therefore, farming systems analysis must helps us understand how rural households use all their natural resources to make a living. Farming systems analysis includes collecting fuel wood, building materials and other biological products, e.g. traditional medicine. It also includes non-farm activities like basket weaving or brick making, and off-farm activities like wood collecting and labouring. In the past, the interactions between farm enterprises, and between on-farm and off-farm activities were ignored. Farming systems analysis looks at: all enterprises, all species cultured or captured and all agroecological niches utilized by the household regardless of resource access regime. In doing this it recognises that farm households do a lot more than grow crops and tend animals! Understand comp