城市空气质量管理.pptxVIP

城市空气质量管理;The Causes of Air Pollution 大气污染的产生原因 Multi-sectoral, involving energy, transport, urban planning, environment, and other sectors Complex，related to development level, technology, regulatory framework, institutional setting, enforcement capability, and public awareness;;Market failure – the free market does not lead to optimal allocation of resources and produce optimal welfare. 市场机制不能导致资源的有效配置，无法实现社会最优。 Main causes 市场失灵的主要原因： Externalities (pollution) 外部性 Lack of ownership 产权不明、无市场 Insufficient information 信息不对称 Monopoly 垄断 Therefore, policy interventions are necessary 因此，需要政府的政策干预。;Many government policies that aim to correct market failure and increase welfare, however, may lead to a net loss 政策的使用不当导致问题没有得以解决甚至恶化 Forms of policy failure 具体形式有： Fail to intervene while necessary 该管的没管 Unnecessary intervention 不该管的瞎管 Wrong intervention 错上加错 Incomplete intervention 考虑不周; Poor understanding of problems 对问题认识不足以至误导 Driven by non-economic or other interests 非经济的或其它利益驱动 Unforeseen, unprepared or under-estimated factors 未预见的、无准备的和低估的因素 Bad timing or out of date 政策实施时机不对或过时 Complex interactions of various policies 政策之间复杂的相互作用关系;Examples of Environmental Impacts of Sectoral Policies 部门政策的环境影响;Classification of Env Policy Instruments环境政策手段的分类 ;Command Control vs. Market Based行政命令 vs 经济激励;Advantage of Market-based Instruments 经济激励的优势 ;Classification of “Five Years After Rio” “里约后五年”的分类;25% 50% 75% SO2 Abatement （%）治理率;;;Applications of Env Policies政策手段应用的案例;Applications of Env Policies (Cont.)政策手段应用的案例（续）;Thank You!;感谢观看！