中国环境政策概况和实例课件.ppt

Urban Air Quality Management: Applications of Market-based Instruments 城市空气质量管理： 经济政策的分析和应用 Jian Xie The World Bank Better Air Quality in Asian and Pacific Rim Cities December 2002 Urban air pollution is a widespread problem in the region. In China alone, it was estimated that air pollution caused about 180,00 pre-mature deaths each year in major Chinese cities. The loss is equivalent to 5% GDP. 空气污染已成为一个地区乃至世界性的问题，在中国 一些城市尤其突出。据世界银行估算，如果中国主要城市的 空气质量到达国家二级标准，可防止十八万人口的过早死亡 。按支付意愿法计算，其防止的健康损失大约相当于全国国 民生产总值的 5% 。 Source: World Bank, 1997, Clear Water Blue Skies. The Causes of Air Pollution 大气污染的产生原因 ? Multi-sectoral, involving energy, transport, urban planning, environment, and other sectors ? Complex ， related to development level, technology, regulatory framework, institutional setting, enforcement capability, and public awareness Integrated Urban AQM Framework 城市空气质量综合管理的框架 Ambient Concentration 大气污染浓度 Pollutants 污染排放 – 微颗粒物、 CO 、 NOx 、 SO2 、铅 Exposure 人体接触 – 健康损失 Policy 政策 因素 AQM Measures 空气质量管理措施 Technology 技术 条件 Why Policy? Market Failure 为什么需要政策？市场失灵 Market failure – the free market does not lead to optimal allocation of resources and produce optimal welfare. 市场 机制不能导致资源的有效配置，无法实现社会最优。 Main causes 市场失灵的主要原因： Externalities (pollution) 外部性 Lack of ownership 产权不明、无市场 Insufficient information 信息不对称 Monopoly 垄断 Therefore, policy interventions are necessary 因此，需要政府的政策干预。 Policy Failure 政策失灵 Many government policies that aim to correct market failure and increase welfare, however, may lead to a net loss 政策的使用不当导致问题没有得以解决 甚至恶化 Forms of policy failure 具体形式有： ? Fail to intervene while necessary 该管的没管 ? Unnecessary intervention 不该管的瞎管 ? Wrong intervention 错上加错 ? Incomplete intervention 考虑不周 Main causes of policy failure 产生政策失灵的主要原因 ? Poor understanding of problems 对问题认识缺乏以至误导 ? Driven by non-economic or other interests 非经济的或其它利益驱动 ? Unforeseen, unprepared or under-estimated factors 未预见的、无准备的和低估的因素 ? Bad timing or out of date 政策实施时机不对或过时