《新编语言学教程》1-4单元课后答案.pdfVIP

Chapter 1 Introduction 1. De?ne the following terms brie?y. (1) linguistics语言学 : the scienti?c or systematic study of language. (2) language语言 : a system of arbitrary vocal 任意的声音 symbols used for human communication.用于人类交流的任意声音 符号系统 (3) arbitrariness 任意性 : the absenceof similarity between the form of a linguistic signand what it relates to in reality, 语言符号的形式与现实的关系缺乏相似性 e.g. the word dog does not look like a dog. (4) duality 双重性 : the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level. 在一个层面上 （语 言和字母）的无意义的语言元素结合在另一个层次上形 成有意义的单位（词） (5) competence语言能力 : knowledge of the grammar of a language as a formal abstraction and distinct from the behavior of actual language use作为一种形式抽象的语言 的语法知识，区别于实际语言使用的行为 , i.e. performance. (6) performance 语言运用 : Chomsky?s term for actual language behavior as distinct from the knowledge that underlies it, or competence.乔姆斯基对实际语言行为的术 语不同于它的知识，或能力。 (8) phatic communion 交际性谈话 : Language is used to establish an atmosphere or maintain social contact between the speaker and the hearer.语言是用来建立一个气 氛或保持说话人和听话人之间的社会联系 (11) synchronic linguistics共时语言学 : the study of language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.语言和语 言的研究，因为它们是在一个给定的时刻使用，而不是 他们如何随着时间的推移演变 (12) diachronic linguistics历时语言学 : the study of linguistic change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.语言在时间上的变化与语言在特 定时刻使用的对比研究 2. No, language is human-speci?c. Human