人文地理学扫盲.ppt

求异法 如果在A、B、C、D出现时， a 、b、c、d出现 ； 如果在B、C、D出现时， b、c、d出现 ； 那么A与a有因果关系 共变法 如果在A1、B、C、D出现时，a1出现 ； 如果在A2、B、C、D出现时，a2出现 ； 如果在A3、B、C、D出现时，a3出现 ； …… 那么A与a有因果关系 剩余法 如果在A、B、C、D的总和是 a 、b、c、d的原因， 且已知A是a的原因； B是b的原因； C是c的原因； 那么D与d之间有因果关系。 二、实证主义的方法 （教材p14、p16两幅图） 建立在证实原理上。 要知道某事物为真，就要知道并且接受证实该事物真实性的方法。人文地理学接受实证主义是在20世纪50年代。 代表人物包括哈格特（P Haggett）《人文地理学的区位分析》（1965）哈维（D W Harvey）《地理学的解释》（1969），从逻辑实证主义哲学立场总结计量革命的方法论。 实证主义发展了人文地理学的理论，更多的采用了演绎逻辑，即从某些一般性的规律出发，将其应用于特殊事件，加强了人文地理学的科学化. 实证主义方法论的缺陷： A，实证主义模型具有强烈的普遍性原理，在一个地方观察到的行为被设想为所有行为的规范。 B，地理系统是开发的多变量系统，难以模拟实验，无法受控重演，因而演绎模型的建立具有相对性。 * * * The differences on the map above were generated in a very arbitrary manner: this highest perceived crime area levels were stretched to the highest real crime levels. Blue areas have higher crime than expected, and red areas lower. Red areas are perceived to have higher level of crime than actually, and blue areas lower The main red area is just above the town centre , possible people mistook the centre of town? The round blue spot is an area of terraced houses And the blue area to the south – concentrated urban area. Bracken bank south - Guard house to the west Geographic literacy = A grasp of the basic environmental, demographic, socio-economic, cultural, and political patterns that characterize our world An understanding of the ways in which places are shaped by the interaction of human and physical phenomena on Earth’s surface An awareness of how the location of places and their connections with other places can affect their characteristics and potentialities A concern with what differences from place to place can tell us about how the world works A recognition that where things happen can influence what happens An appreciation of landscape as a source of information and ideas A capacity to think critically about the ways in which issues and problems are spatially framed An ability to understand and use maps and geospatial technologies, and to appreciate thei