关于药物的常规使用（英文PPT）Essential drug concept and the role of WHO in the promotion of rational drug useppt课件.ppt

;Effective interventions;Effective interventions;The number of drugs per prescription varies from 1.3 to 4.3 per primary care encounters ;Over-prescribing is costly - and spending on child health is highly cost sensitive;30 to 60 % of PHC patients treated with antibiotics- perhaps twice what is clinically needed ;Resistance to common pathogens is everywhere on the rise - S. pneumonia;Up to 56 % of primary care patients receive injections - over 90% may be medically unnecessary;Unsafe injection is a major health hazard - factors are overuse of injections, re-use without sterilisation, contamination;Irrational use of drugs is a widespread hazard to health - other examples ;Effective interventions;Standard treatment guidelines (STGs) - reduce ARI mortality when effectively implemented;Injection use in Indonesia has been dramatically reduced through a combination of interventions;Antimalarial treatment in Kenya has become more prompt and appropriate through shopkeeper training;Actions to improve use of medicines - consider effectiveness and feasibility (Health Policy Planning, 2001);Effective interventions;WHO Model List of Essential Drugs 11th model list 306 drugs;The Guide to Good Prescribing - widely applied tool for developing systematic prescribing practices ;Promoting rational drug use - INRUD - WHO - MSH - regional courses Africa, Asia, Latin America ;Expanding access to WHO information /medicines/;WHO supports countries, professional bodies, NGOs - guidelines, training, information, technical support