习得顺序研究.ppt

first language= mother tongue =primary language=native language second language =target language foreign language Learner language: FLA acquisition / learning The critical period hypothesis states that the first few years of life (2 years old-puberty) is the crucial time in which an individual can acquire a language if presented with adequate stimuli. If language input doesnt occur until after this time, the individual will never achieve a full command of language—especially grammatical systems. order of acquisition 习得顺序研究 语言教学中存在“拔苗助长”吗？ 拔苗助长者为什么可笑？ 语言教学当中，有没有拔苗助长者？ 语言教学中的拔苗者为什么没被人嘲笑？ 我们对学习过程（即“苗子自己的事”）了解得太少，常常无法判断我们是不是在拔苗助长。 习得顺序（order of acquisition）研究：探讨语言学习过程和规律，是上世纪七十年代和八十年代初期的研究重点。 研究起源 行为主义和心灵主义关于“学习”之争 行为主义(behaviorism)：学习是一种行为，语言学习过程就是行为形成过程。 It was based on the theory of conditioning that “you can train an animal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement” 理论基础：条件反射论 behavior reflex; conditioned reflex; trained reflex conditional reflexes In the 1890s, Pavlov was investigating the gastric function of dogs, and later children, by externalizing a salivary gland so he could collect, measure, and analyze the saliva and what response it had to food under different conditions. He noticed that the dogs tended to salivate before food was actually delivered to their mouths, and set out to investigate this psychic secretion, as he called it. It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signaled the occurrence of food by ringing a bell. However, his writings record the use of a wide variety of stimuli, including electric shocks, whistles,metronomes forks, and a range of visual stimuli, in addition to ringing a bell. Pavlovs research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture. The phrase Pavlovs dog is often used to describe someone who merely reacts to a situation rather than using critical thinking. 语言本身就是一组刺激—反应。 语言是一种习惯，和