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外文 原文 8
Public and Private Bureaucracies:
A Transaction Cost Economics Perspective
From : Oliver·E·Williamson, University of California, Berkeley
Transaction Cost Politics?
As with prior applications of transaction cost economics to politics, I focus on the federal level. Earlier treatments that relate closely to the issue addressed here include Wilson (1989),Moe (1990,1997),and Dixit (1996).
1.1 The Politics of Inefficiency
Terry Moe was among the first political scientists to encourage the application of the “new economics of organization”to politics (Moe,1984) and has been a continuing supporter of this project ever since (Moe,1997). Because of significant differences between the public and private sectors, however, Moe holds that the “new economics of organization will have to be modified in essential ways” to deal effectively with public bureaucracy (Moe,1990:119).
For one thing,the salient attributes of American democracy—separation of powers, periodic elections, majority rules—auger against efficiency: the most cherished structural features of American government pose obstacles to good administration(Derthick,1990:4). This is compounded by the insecurity of property rights that is inherent in democratic politics. Insecure property rights in combination with the American separation of powers “makes new laws exceedingly hard to enact” and yields a bureaucracy that is “vastly overformalized and disabled by its own organization” (Moe, 1997:472).Evidently politics is inimical to efficiency.
Also,Moe questions whether agency theory or transaction cost economics carry over from the private to the public sector. Consequential diffierences between the economics and politics of organization to which Moe refers include the following: (1) the basic comparison between markets and hierarchies in private sector transactions does not apply, it being the case that “there are no markets” for most goods and services supplied by the government (Moe,1990:119);(2) although private sector
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