翻译技巧之英汉语言对比.ppt

英汉语言对比 词的形态变化 构词形态 (prefix,suffix) 构形形态 （表达语法意义的词形变化） 构词形态的变化 He moved astonishingly fast. His movements were astonishingly rapid. His movements astonished us by their rapidity. The rapidity with which he moved astonished us. He astonished us by moving rapidly. He astonished us by his rapid movements. 构形形态 (I) 我给他一本书。I gave him a book. 他已给我两本书。He has given me two books. 他爸爸常给他一些书。 His father often gives him books. I , me; he him, his; book, books; gives, gave, has given. (ii) 英语的动词、助动词和情态动词常常结合起来，运用其形态变化， 表示动作的时态，语态和语气。汉语没有这类变化，多数隐含在上下文中。 They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years. summary 现代英语的形态变化主要有：性（gender),数(number), 格（case)，时 （tense), 语态 (voice) , 语气(mood),比较级 （degree of comparison) , 人称 (person)和词性（parts of speech) 等。 汉语没有形态变化， 一般要通过借助词语，安排词序，隐含意义来表达语法意义。 词序 英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定。 汉语的定语一般在名词的前面，而英语的定语在很多情况下可以通过形态变化或借助连接词语置于名词的前后，位置。比较灵活。 一个很重要的问题 A very important question A question of great importance 以空前的速度 At an unprecedented speed At a speed unprecedented 英文中大量的倒装结构 Interrogative inversion （疑问倒装） What in the world do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思啊？ Exclamatory inversion What a beautiful voice you have! 你有多么好的嗓音啊！ Negative inversion Not a finger did I lay on him. 我可没指责过他。 Metrical inversion (韵律倒装） Good friend for Jesus’sake, forbear To dig the dust enclosed here, Blessed be he that spares these stones And curst be he that moves my bones. 好朋友啊，看在耶稣的份上， 请你住手 别来挖掘这块土丘 那肯保存这几块石头的， 但愿他添福添寿， 那要来打扰我的骸骨的，但愿他挨骂挨咒。 词性对比 英语中尝试用定冠词和不定冠词。 Out of question 没问题 Out of the question 不可能 She was with a child. 她带着一个孩子。 She was with child. 她怀着孕。 英语常用介词。汉语则少用介词。英语借此除了单独作为一类词使用外，还可以构成形式多样的合成介词和成语介词。这类此不仅数量大，而且使用得十分频繁。 句子 主动与被动 按照汉语的习惯，如果句中无需指出施事，主动意义与被动意义又不至于发生混淆，一般就不用结构被动式。 It was done. 这件事已作了。 It was well done. 这件事做得好。 It was poorly done. 这件事做得不好。 除了“被”字外，“让”，“给”，“挨”，“受”，“遭”，“蒙” 等被动意义。 庄稼让大水冲跑了。 The crops were washed away by the flood. 这股敌人全给游击队消灭了。 The whole enemy was wiped out by the guerrillas.