国际贸易理论与实务Ch.6 IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY NON-TARIFF BARRIERS.pptVIP

  §1 Forms of Non-tariff Barriers Quantity control measures (1) Non-automatic licence: An import licence which is not granted automatically. Issued on a discretionary basis or require specific criteria to be met before it is granted. (2) Quota Government-imposed restriction on quantity, or sometimes on total value. (weight, units, value) ① Absolute quota: when the imports reach the quota, no more. (i) Global quota: unallocated (ii) Country quota: allocated, for a specified country Certificate of origin is required. ② Tariff rate quota: Allows a limited quantity of specified merchandise into a country at a reduced duty rate during a specified period. The lower tariff rates apply up to a quota of imports, and the higher rates are charged on imports which exceed the quota amount. For example, if the tariff on tires was 5% for the first 100,000 imported, it might move to 10% for any additional importation of tires. Tariff rate quotas may also be on a country basis or on global basis. Quotas are more certain and precise as trade restraint than are tariffs. A quota system limits with certainty the extent of foreign competition in the domestic market. Quotas provide greater flexibility in bargaining and administration. Quotas usually require a licensing system and an agency to distribute the quota shares to domestic importers. Inequities and corruption may occur in the allocation of quotas. (3) Quantitative safeguard measures: These measures are adopted when the government of the importing country wishes to prevent or remedy serious injuries resulting from a sudden increase of imports, or to facilitate adjustment and have effect on quantitative restrictions. (4) Prohibition: Prohibition Includes total prohibition, a prohibition without any conditions or qualifications and other prohibitions for special reasons. (5) “Voluntary” export restraints (VER