政策科学与政策循环.PPT

CHAPTER 1Policy Science and Policy Cycles 政策科学与政策回环 任课教师： 刘建文法学院政治与行政学系 寻求新的理解 Students of politics search for new understandings of the relationship between governments and citizens. 理解政府与公民的相互关系 拉斯韦尔的期望 Pioneered by Harold Lasswell and others, policy science was expected to replace traditional political studies, integrating the study of political theory and political practice. 三 项 特 征 Multi-disciplinary Problem-solving Explicitly normative 四 种 传 统 政治决定政策 It argued that public policies vary according to the nature of a political system and its links with society. 政策决定政治 As Theodore Lowi put it, ultimately ‘policy may determine politics’ and not the other way around. 四 种 传 统 （续） 什么影响政策 This tradition tend to concentrate on the question of whether public policies are determined by macro-level socio-economic factors or by micro-level behavioural elements. 政策影响什么 This literature has involved the assessment of the direct and indirect effects of specific policies. 五 个 阶 段 Five stages of the policy cycle Agenda-Setting 议程设定 Policy Formulation 政策形成 Decision-Making 决策 Policy Implementation 政策执行 Policy Evaluation 政策评估 Policy Sector 政策领域 The policy sector is an arena in which public policies are decided and implemented. Such arenas are conventionally bounded by substantive policy names – health care, welfare, manpower, natural resources and so on. These units are commonly held typifications that are part of the stock of knowledge held by politicians, bureaucrats, lobbyists, and others… The policy sector is a cluster or complex of organizations connected to each other by resource dependencies and distinguished from other clusters by breaks in the structure of resource dependencies. 理解政策领域 政策争议（issues） 相应知识（knowledge） 行为者（actors） 多层次（multi-levels） 展开过程（process / cycle / stages） Actor 行 为 者 政策领域研究十分强调政策行为者的作用 Understanding the activities and interactions of policy actors is a key facet of understanding the policy