第三讲 综合语与分析语(3次课).ppt

第三讲;1 综合语与分析语概述 2 对比与翻译 2.1 形态（构词形态/构形形态） 2.2 语序 2.3 虚词 2.4 声调语言与语调语言 ;英语：综合-分析语(synthetic-analytic language) 汉语：分析语 (Analytic language) ;A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships. 所谓综合型语言，是指这种语言主要通过本身的形态变化来表达语法意义。 ; 2 对比与翻译 ;An analytic language is characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic（句法的）relations, rather than of inflected form. 所谓分析型语言，是指这种语言中的句法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、语序等手段来表示。 ;1.构词形态变化,即起构词作用的词缀变化（affixation）,包括大量的前缀（prefix）和后缀（suffix）的变化。（词性/词义转变） 2.构形形态变化，即表达语法意义的词形变化。 ; 英语通过词形变化，改变词性，用这些词灵活组句，可以表达一个几乎相同的意思。 汉语词形变化比较少，利用词缀构词仍处于发展中，不能表达同样多的意思。 ;Move—movement Rapid---rapidly---rapidity Astonish—astonishing---astonishingly;①He moved astonishingly rapidly . ②He moved with astonishing rapidity. ③His movements were astonishingly rapid. ④His rapid movements astonished us. ⑤His movements astonished us by their rapidity. ⑥The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. ⑦The rapidity with which he moved astonished us. ⑧He astonished us by moving rapidly. ⑨He astonished us by his rapid movements. ⑩He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements. ; 汉语词尾变化;;;小 结;; 借助词语;When the ends of a copper wire are joined to a device called an electric cell a steady stream of electricity flows through the wire. 当把一根铜线的两端连接到一种叫做电池的电器上时，就会有稳定的电流通过该铜线。 ;安排语序;利用词语隐含意义;其他办法;;汉译英;1. The two cultures are taken as a whole. 将两种文化视为一体。 2. The two cultures are taken as wholes. 将两种文化各自视为一个整体。 3. They loved each other and there is no love between them. 他们过去是相爱的，但现在已没有什么感情可言了。 ;4. In every game, they were bested by the visitors. 每场比赛他们都败在客队的手下。(best有打败，胜过的意思) 5. He realizes that he is not as healthy as he was. -他意识到自己现在已不像过去那么健康了。 6. They told me that Professor Liu would have been teaching here for twenty years by this winter. -他们说到今年冬天刘教授在这里教书就（要）满二十年了。 ;7. ...When he has taken his exercise and is