15 THERMODYNAMICS Wright State University（15热力学莱特州立大学）.pdf

CHAPTER 15 | THERMODYNAMICS 505 15 THERMODYNAMICS Figure 15.1 A steam engine uses heat transfer to do work. Tourists regularly ride this narrow-gauge steam engine train near the San Juan Skyway in Durango, Colorado, part of the National Scenic Byways Program. (credit: Dennis Adams) Learning Objectives 15.1. The First Law of Thermodynamics • Define the first law of thermodynamics. • Describe how conservation of energy relates to the first law of thermodynamics. • Identify instances of the first law of thermodynamics working in everyday situations, including biological metabolism. • Calculate changes in the internal energy of a system, after accounting for heat transfer and work done. 15.2. The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes • Describe the processes of a simple heat engine. • Explain the differences among the simple thermodynamic processes—isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic. • Calculate total work done in a cyclical thermodynamic process. 15.3. Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency • State the expressions of the second law of thermodynamics. • Calculate the efficiency and carbon dioxide emission of a coal-fired electricity plant, using second law characteristics. • Describe and define the Otto cycle. 15.4. Carnot’s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated • Identify a Carnot cycle. • Calculat