Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement （正强化、负强化）.pdf

Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement and Discipline: What To Use and When Amanda Evans Powell, LCSW Clinical Social Worker History • Russian physiologist Ivan P. Pavlov: • BF Skinner Classical And Operant Conditioning – Skinner conditioned rats to press down – Reinforcers typically change the a small lever to get a food reward. This strength of a response. Items can only resulted in conditioning, also known as be considered reinforcers when it operant conditioning. The term immediately precedes the behavior. operant refers to a focus on behaviors - that alter, the environment. It is also – Giving a child a cookie. If a child gets a referred to as instrumental conditioning cookie then they will increase the because the behaviors are instrumental frequency that they ask for a cookie. in bringing about reinforcement. The Giving a child the cookie when they ask reward or consequence that is seen as reinforcing the cookie strengthens a behavior is called a requesting behavior. It can only be reinforcer of conditioning.“ seen as reinforcing if it increases the - behavior. If the cookie isn’t a motivator – “If a response solves a problem for a then they will not increase the cookie child, then they will repeat that asking behavior. - response if