科学社会层面.ppt

你眠监轰杰河腕用收玲曾疤庞炙累弱嗽蹄崖氟罩坎趋钢诸仁忿矩挞店添煎科学社会层面科学社会层面;The social side of science: A human and community endeavor 科学的社会性：人类和社会的努力 ;科学家们花时间单独工作 — — 在外地，在实验室中或在计算机上 — — 但大多数科学家还与其他人进行合作。当然，科学家们不只做研究。最科学的工作还涉及审查其他科学家的文章期刊、教学、 指导研究生和年轻的科学家，在会议上发言和参加科学学会。所以当一名科学家的工作涉及很多而不是消失在一个没有窗户的实验室和运行一系列无穷无尽的实验 ！ Scientists do spend time working alone — in the field, in the lab, or at the computer — but most also collaborate on research with others. And, of course, scientists dont?just?do research. Most scientific work also involves reviewing other scientists articles for journals, teaching, mentoring graduate students and younger scientists, speaking at?conferences, and participating in scientific societies. So the job of being a scientist involves lots more than disappearing into a windowless lab and running an endless series of experiments! ;Science: A community enterprise 科学：一个社会企业 ;Woo Suk Hwang涉及干细胞的欺诈指控：当其他科学家关注于他的工作，发现了一个异常：他的一些数据令人难以置信。DNA指纹图形显示DNA的显示山峰来自不同的样本,似乎是另一个精确副本——更有可能是实际的DNA指纹图谱分析图像处理后的结果。随后的调查发现，模仿图峰只是其中的冰山一角。事实上, Woo Suk Hwang的基本主张,他的实验室已经克隆的人类胚胎干细胞并且从他们中收集DNA,原来是完全捏造!;Scientific scrutiny 科学审查;科学审查是如何运作的;科学家允许团体的其他成员检查他们的工作,无论是通过回顾所作实验的步骤还是试图复制全部或实验的某一部分。这有助于确保证据符合高标准,所有相关的证据被发现,判断研究不是基于有缺陷的推理,因此,科学向着越来越精确的解释的方向发展 。 Scientists describe their work at?conferences, in?journal articles, and in books. By disseminating their ideas, study methods, and test results in these ways, scientists allow other community members to check their work, both by reviewing what has been done and trying to?replicate?all or part of it. This helps to ensure that evidence?meets high standards, that all relevant?lines of evidence are explored, that judgments are not based on flawed reasoning, and hence, that science?moves in the direction of more and more accurate explanations. ;科学界（研究团体）平衡偏差;虽然欺诈在科学界是罕见的,但是它还是有时发生。这些偶然的欺诈案件通过科学界的审查而被确认。因为很多科学家的研究建立于他人的工作,科学家们采取欺诈是非常严重的。没有人想要自己的工作建立在在一个摇摇欲坠、提供欺诈性的观点的基础上。 Though fraud is rare in science, it sometimes happens. These occasional cases of fraud are iden