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上海交通大学英美文学笔记-中古时期 时间：2005-6-7 10:15:50 作者：ginger 点击： 1046 评论 ?
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English literature
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The Anglo-Saxon Period
Tribes of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes gained control of England in the 500s.
Their scops (poets) composed songs and ballads.
Their gleemen (minstrels) chanted the songs at the kings court and at tribal feasts.
England was converted to Christianity (597) and monks began to record these poems in Old English (a Germanic language).
The Anglo-Saxon poets wrote unrhymed verse using alliteration.
Heroic Epics—the first long poem in Old English, Beowulf
Christian Epics—The Fates of the Apostles by Cynewulf (750?-825)
Early Prose
Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation by Venerable Bede (673-735)
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle sponsored by Alfred the Great
Lyric poems—The Exeter Book
The Anglo-Norman Period
The Norman Conquest (1066). Norman introduced French culture into England under William the Conqueror.
During the 300 years after conquest most literature was written in French or Latin.
The upper classes spoke French; the common people continued to speak Old English.
In the late 1100s a few popular writings began to appear in Middle English.
The religious Moral Ode (about 1170), anon., was the first English poem with rhymed couplets.
Cursor Mundi (early 1300s), anon., told Biblical stories in verse.
Romantic poems (known as metrical romances) about chivalry and knightly love appeared in the 1200s and 1300s.
Brut (a romance) by the priest Layamon
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (a romance), anon., (or The Pearl Poet)
The Pearl, anon., (or the Pearl Poet)
The Age of Chaucer
By the mid-1300s, Middle English had become the spoken and written language of the upper classes.
Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) was the greatest poet of the Middle Ages. The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories built around a pilgrimage to Canterbury, is his masterpiece.
John Gower (1330?-1408) was even more popular in his day than Chaucer. His poems expressed the att
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