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mode water
Eastern North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water in a general
circulation model: Formation mechanism and salinity effects
Shigeki Hosoda,1,2 Shang-Ping Xie,3 Kensuke Takeuchi,1,4 and Masami Nonaka3,5
Abstract. The Eastern North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (ESTMW) is a water mass
of low potential vorticity (PV) and appears as a weak pycnostad or thermostad. Distinct
from other subtropical mode waters, it forms in the absence of a deep winter mixed layer.
The formation mechanism of this ESTMW is investigated using an ocean general
circulation model that is forced by monthly climatological temperature, salinity, and wind
stress at the sea surface. An equation based on the ventilated thermocline theory is used
to diagnose the initial PV of a water mass right after its subduction. In this equation,
three factors affect the initial PV: the spacing of density outcrop lines, the mixed layer
depth gradient, and the vertical velocity at the bottom of mixed layer. Among them the
wide spacing between outcrop lines is the most important for ESTMW’s low PV instead of
the deep mixed layer, which is most important for classical mode waters. It is found that
weak gradients in both sea surface temperature and salinity in the direction of mixed layer
flow are important for the low PV formation. A low-salinity tongue that extends
southeastward off North America is responsible for the small surface density gradient in
the eastern North Pacific and contributes to the formation of the ESTMW. An additional
experiment forced with observed freshwater flux demonstrates that the southward
advection of fresher water from the high latitude along the eastern boundary is the cause
of this low-salinity tongue.
1. Introduction
In the subtropical gyres of the world oceans the existence of
mode waters in the thermocline is well known. These mode
waters appear as thermostads or pycnostads with weak vertical
gradients in temperature and density. In the North Pacific, two
major mode waters have been repor
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