charpter 2 international equilibrim.ppt

Chapter 2:International Equilibrium International EconomicsBy Robert J. Carbaugh10th Edition Chapter 2:International Equilibrium Theory of reciprocal demand Offer curve analysis Immiserizing growth Terms of Trade Terms of Trade ---Frequently used measure of the international exchange ratio Terms of Trade= Export Price Index/Import Price Idex X100% Improvement ＆deterioration Theory of reciprocal demand Disussion Outer limits for the equilibrium terms of trade Pricinple of Theory of reciprocal demand Assesment Discussion 交换过程解释 英国：10x：15y 德国：10x:20y 英国国内交换比率国际交换比率德国国内交换比率 Equilibrium terms-of-trade limits The demostic cost ratio set the outer limits for the equilibrium terms of the trade.mutually beneficial trade for both nations occurs if the equilibrium terms of trade lies between the two nation’s domestic cost ratio 互利区间的确定 互利区间的确定 两国的国内交换比率便是两国进入国际市场进行交换的上下限或互利区间，现实的国际交换只能在这一交换比率的上下限之间进行，超出上下限，必然会有一个国家退出现实交换 　 Illustration Pricinple of Theory of reciprocal demand It asserts that within the outer limits of the terms of trade,the actual terms of trade is determined by the relative strength of each country’s demand for the other country’s product Production costs determine the outer limits to the terms of trade,while reciprocal demand determines what the acutal terms of trade will be within these limits 基本内容 两种商品的贸易条件是根据双方消费者需求情况的变动自行调整的，实际贸易条件就是均衡贸易条件，它是由两国的相互需求决定的 。 相互需求对贸易利益的影响 外国对本国商品的需求强度越是大于本国对外国商品的需求强度，实际贸易条件就越接近外国的国内交换比率，这个比率会使贸易利益的分配对本国越是有利，本国的贸易条件得到改善。反之亦然。 （五）评 价 意 义 -------从需求的角度发展了国际贸易理论 局限性 Offer curve analysis Origin and Definition of Offer Curves How we derive an offer curve Equilibrium terms of trade Shift in the offer curve Assesment Origin and Definition of Offer Curves The offer curve of a nation shows how much of its import commodity the nation demands for it to be willing to export the various amount of its export commodity. 表明一个国家为了进口一定量的商品，必须向其他国家出口一定量的商品，因此提供曲线即对应某一进口量愿意提供的出口