中西文化比较宇宙观.pptVIP

What is culture? Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. — Edward Tylor (1871) (a British anthropologist) What is culture? Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values. Culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning elements of future action. — Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (two American anthropologists, 1961） 文化是由通过符号所获得并传播的显性及隐性行为模式所构成，这种行为模式形成人类群体的特征，包括它们在人工制品中的体现；文化的核心部分是传统的（源于历史并经历史选择的）观念，尤其是价值观。文化系统，一方面可被视为人们行为的产品，另一方面又可被看作是规约未来行为的条件。 —克洛依伯、克勒克荷恩 美国人类学家 What is Culture? Culture is the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and to generate behavior. — J. P. Spradley (Psychologist) What is Culture? What is culture? Culture is the total range of activities and ideas of a group of people with shared traditions which are transmitted and reinforced by members of the group. — CED Culture is the total pattern of human behavior and its products embodied in thought, speech, action and artifacts. Characteristics of Culture Non-natural （非自然性） Non-individual　 （非个人性） Non-innate　　　（非先天性） Regional and trans-regional 　　　 （地域性与超地域性） Epochal and trans-epochal （时代性与超时代性） Essentials of Culture External （外在文化 / 有形文化） *behavior – language, gestures, customs 行为 — 语言、手势、习俗等 *products – literature, art, music, artifacts 产品 — 文学、艺术、音乐、人工制品、建筑等 Internal （内核文化 / 无形文化） *ideas – beliefs, values, morals 观念 — 信仰、价值观、道德观