educators’introductiontomachineintelligence（75页）.doc

Brief Introduction to Educational Implications of Artificial Intelligence The real problem is not whether machines thinkbut whether men do. (B. F. Skinner) Version 4/24/06. (Contains minor changes and Web references update from version12/23/05.) David Moursund University of Oregon Email: moursund@ Web: /~moursund/dave/index.htm Vita: /~moursund/dave/vita.htm Contents Abstract 2 Chapter 1: Intelligence and Other Aids to Problem Solving 3 Chapter 2: Goals of Education 11 Chapter 3: Computer Chess and Chesslandia 21 Chapter 4: Algorithmic and Heuristic Procedures 28 Chapter 5: Procedures Used by a Word Processor 37 Chapter 6: Procedures Used in Game Playing 42 Chapter 7: Machine Learning 48 Chapter 8: Summary and Conclusions 63 Appendix: PBL Activities for Students and Educators 72 References (Updated 4/22/06) 76 Index 79 Acknowledgement: Thanks to Robert Ross for his generous help in copy editing the first edition (January 2003) of this manuscript. Copyright ? 2005, 2006 David Moursund. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 License. Permission is granted to make use of this document for non-commercial educational purposes by schools, school districts, colleges, universities, and other non-profit preservice and inservice teacher education organizations and groups. Additional free materials written by David Moursund are available at /~moursund/dave/Free.html. Abstract This book is designed to help preservice and inservice teachers learn about some of the educational implications of current uses of Artificial Intelligence as an aid to solving problems and accomplishing tasks. Humans and their predecessors have developed a wide range of tools to help solve the types of problems that they face. Such tools embody some of the knowledge and skills of those who discover, invent, design, and build the tools. Because of this, in some sense a tool user gains in knowledge and skill by learning to make use of tools. This document uses the term “tool” in a