英语四级语法基础知识.docxVIP

英语四级语法基础知识　　动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)　　时态　　1)现在完成进行时态(have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.　　I’ve been writing letters for an hour.　　I’ve been sitting in the garden.　　2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作　　I’d been working for some time when he called.　　We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.　　3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.　　By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.　　In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.　　4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事.　　I shall have finished this one before lunch.　　They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.　　语态　　可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:　　He was said to be jealous of her success.　　It was said that he was jealous of her success.　　能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.　　It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.　　The ship is supposed to have been sunk.　　担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:　　Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)　　双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态　　双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.　　He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.　　Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.　　宾补结构的被动语态:　　She was called Big Sister by everybody.　　Then he was made a squad leader.　　He was considered quite qualified for the job.　　The room was always kept clean and tidy.　　短语动词　　Vi + adv　　The plane took off two hours late.　　Vi + prep　　They looked round the Cathedral.Vi + prep (有被动语态)　　在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.　　Look out for cars when crossing the street.　　When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.　　While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.　　Although not yet six months old, she was able to