chap2 phonetics.ppt

语音学Phonetics: the study of sounds 音韵学 Phonology: the study of sound patterns. 2.1 Speech production and perception What is phonetics? Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. 语音的研究涉及三个领域 Articulatory phonetics – the study of the production of speech sounds 发音语音学 Acoustic phonetics – the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech 声学语音学 3. Auditory phonetics – the study of perception of speech sounds 感知语音学（听觉语音学） Branches of phonetics Speech Speech Production Perception (speaker A) (speaker B) 2.2 Organs of speech also known as Vocal Organs, are those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech. 三大声腔： the pharynx, mouth, and nose (咽、口、鼻) Speech sounds are produced with an airstream as their sources of energy. A. The pharyngeal cavity: 13 windpipe, 12 glottis/vocal cords, 11 pharyngeal cavity B. The oral cavity: 1/2 lips, 3/4 teeth, 5 teeth ridge(alveolus), 6 hard palate,7 soft palate (velum), 14 uvula, 8 tip of tongue, 9 blade of tongue, 10 back of tongue C. Nasal cavity: 15 Voiced and voiceless The level of vibration振动 of the vocal cords声带 determines whether a sound is voiced or unvoiced. If the vocal cords---apart, the airstream is not obstructed at the glottis and passes through freely. -- voiceless sounds. If the vocal cords are together, the air stream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate. -- voiced sounds. feel the distinction sounds. Position of the vocal folds:  glottal stop（声门塞音） The IPA International Phonetic Association 国际语音学会 International Phonetic Alphabet Principles of IPA (27页) IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet): A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The present one mainly derives from one developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967), revised