语言学课件 Chapter 4 From Word to Text.ppt

Chapter FourFrom Word to Text Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures. 句法学研究组词成句的规则，研究句子内部组成成分间的关系。 Syntactic relations（句法关系） Syntactic relations can be analysed into three kinds: relations of position relations of substitutability relations of co-occurrence 1.1 Relations of Position （位置关系） For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrases that can occur in a clause. The boy kicked the ball NP1 NP2 Subject Object Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all. For example, The boy kicked the ball *Boy the ball kicked the *The ball kicked the boy The teacher saw the students The students saw the teacher Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations（横组合关系） observed by F. de Saussure. They are also called Horizontal Relations or simply Chain Relations. Word order is one of the basic ways to classify languages in the world: SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS. English belongs to SVO type, though this does not mean that SVO is the only possible word order. 1.2 Relation of Substitutability （替换关系） The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure. The?______ smiles.? man boy girl It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set. strong man The tallest boy smiles. pretty girl yesterday. He went there last week.