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18 Critical Discourse Analysis
TEUN A. VAN DIJK
0 Introduction: What Is Critical Discourse Analysis?
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a type of discourse analytical research that prim-
arily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted,
reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context. With
such dissident research, critical discourse analysts take explicit position, and thus
want to understand, expose, and ultimately resist social inequality.
Some of the tenets of CDA can already be found in the critical theory of the
Frankfurt School before the Second World War (Agger 1992b; Rasmussen 1996). Its
current focus on language and discourse was initiated with the critical linguistics
that emerged (mostly in the UK and Australia) at the end of the 1970s (Fowler et al.
1979; see also Mey 1985). CDA has also counterparts in critical developments in
sociolinguistics, psychology, and the social sciences, some already dating back to the
early 1970s (Birnbaum 1971; Calhoun 1995; Fay 1987; Fox and Prilleltensky 1997;
Hymes 1972; Ibanez and Iniguez 1997; Singh 1996; Thomas 1993; Turkel 1996; Wodak
1996). As is the case in these neighboring disciplines, CDA may be seen as a reaction
against the dominant formal (often asocial or uncritical) paradigms of the 1960s
and 1970s.
CDA is not so much a direction, school, or specialization next to the many other
approaches in discourse studies. Rather, it aims to offer a different mode or
perspective of theorizing, analysis, and application throughout the whole field. We
may find a more or less critical perspective in such diverse areas as pragmatics,
conversation analysis, narrative analysis, rhetoric, stylistics, sociolinguistics, ethno-
graphy, or media analysis, among others.
Crucial for critical discourse analysts is the explicit awareness of their role in soci-
ety. Continuing a tradition that rejects the possibility of a valu
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